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Spanish to English: Evolution of family textile consumption
Source text - Spanish En principio, parece difícil imaginar que la población castellana pudiera dedicar una parte creciente de sus ingresos hacia el consumo de bienes textiles dado el elevado peso de los alimentos y la dieta relativamente insuficiente durante los siglos XVIII y XIX. Sin embargo, los primeros resultados globales sobre el consumo de textiles -plasmados en el cuadro 1- apuntan a que tanto en cifras absolutas como en términos relativos se produjo, entre 1750 y 1840, un aumento continuado en el stock de textiles. Recordemos, asimismo, que aunque desconocemos con exactitud el gasto anual (flujo) en los textiles, sí podemos intuir que el ritmo de reposición en este tipo de bienes fue mucho más acusado que en otros bienes duraderos o semiduraderos, lo cual significa que el consumo final de los textiles fue obviamente mucho más elevado de lo que se refleja en dicho cuadro. Más pormenorizadamente, se observa un significativo aumento en el número de piezas textiles por familia, las cuales pasan de 48 unidades a mediados del siglo XVIII a 67 en 1830-40. Según observamos en dicho cuadro, el grupo textil que mayor crecimiento experimentó entre 1750 y 1840 fue el vestido y calzado que pasó de 22 piezas por familia a 34. Dentro de la indumentaria personal los artículos textiles que mayor aumento tuvieron fueron las prendas interiores y los pañuelos. Las prendas exteriores, la partida más importante y numerosa, presentan un crecimiento relativamente moderado en 1830-40 e incluso disminuyen en los núcleos rurales. Sorprendentemente, destaca la poca presencia de calzado y la paulatina disminución de los complementos del vestir -sombreros, corbatas, guantes, etc.- cuando, por ejemplo, el sombrero chambergo o el de ala ancha, amén de otros tocados muy populares como las monteras, los sombreros de paja de centeno y las gorras, estuvieron presentes en casi todos los rincones de España hasta muy entrado el siglo XIX. Por lo que respecta al calzado, tal vez fuera la parte de la indumentaria más reacia a dejarse influir por las modas, de ahí que las polainas y los calzados como las abarcas, las alpargatas y las madreñas o zuecos de madera fueran dando paso muy lentamente a los zapatos, botas o botines en los inventarios post-mortem. Con respecto a las piezas de cama, éstas aumentan, entre 1750 y 1840, de 18 a 24 unidades por inventario post-mortem. Más en concreto, sobresale el incremento de los juegos de sábanas -en estrecha relación con la formación de las dotes femeninas-, el aumento de los colchones -más acentuado en la ciudad que en los ámbitos rurales, al mismo tiempo que disminuyen los jergones- y de las colchas. Por lo que se refiere a las almohadas, cobertores y mantas y cubiertas de cama se mantienen en cifras muy similares entre 1750 y 1840. Disminuyen, sin embargo, los cabezales y persiste la poca presencia de pajeros, reducidos casi única y exclusivamente a los núcleos rurales. Finalmente, en cuanto a los otros grupos textiles -ropa blanca del hogar y cortinas- presentan un crecimiento moderado poco perceptible.
Translation - English At first, it is difficult to imagine that the population of Castile could spend a growing part of its income on consumption of textile goods, given the high weight of foodstuffs and its relatively inadequate diet during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, the first overall results for textile consumption – as shown in figure 1 – point to there being a continued growth in textiles stock, both in absolute numbers and in relative terms between 1750 and 1840. We shouldn´t forget that although we do not know annual expenditure (flow) exactly for textiles, we can, however, deduce that the rate of replacement for this type of goods was much more pronounced than for other durable or semi-durable goods, which means that final consumption for textiles was obviously much higher than shows up in this figure. To be more specific, we can see a significant growth in the number of textile items per family, going up from 48 at the middle of the eighteenth century to 67 in 1830-40. As we can see in this figure, the textile group which grew most between 1750 and 1840 was clothing and footwear, which went from 22 pieces per family to 34. Within the category of personal clothing, the textile articles which increased most were underclothes and handkerchiefs. Outer garments, the most important and numerous sections, show a relatively moderate growth rate in 1830-40 and even fell in rural nuclei. Surprisingly enough, footwear does not have a high place, and accessories show a gradual fall – hats, ties, gloves etc – when, for example, the wide- or narrow- brimmed hat, not to mention all the other popular forms of headwear such as the montera, rye-straw hats, and bonnets, were common in almost every last corner of Spain well into the nineteenth century. When it comes to footwear, this was possibly the area of attire least liable to influence by fashions, so that gaiters and footwear such as sandals, espadrilles and wooden clogs gave way very slowly to shoes, boots or ankle boots in probate inventories. Bed linen increased between 1750 and 1840, from 18 items to 24 per probate inventory. More specifically, the increase in sets of sheets is particularly noticeable, - closely related to the composition of female trousseaux -, along with the increase in mattresses, - more noticeable in the city than in rural areas, at the same time as the drop in palliasses – and in counterpanes. With regard to pillows, bedspreads and blankets and bedcovers, figures are very similar between 1750 and 1840. However, there is a reduction in the number of bolsters, and numbers of people working in this way with straw are scant, virtually only found in rural nuclei. Finally, with regard to other textile groups – white household linen and curtains – there is a barely perceptible moderate growth.
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A full-time translator, but I teach occasionally (EFL/ESP) because it keeps me on my toes linguistically and I learn from the specialities of my students (thank you to the bankers, the engineers, the economists and the historians!). Resident in Spain since 1986. Addicted to learning more and more both in Spanish and English.
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Keywords: primary and secondary school texts, science text books, geography text books, geology text books, history text books, car mechanic training, vehicle safety testing, vehicle repair tools and equipment, organic farming, pig farming. See more.primary and secondary school texts, science text books, geography text books, geology text books, history text books, car mechanic training, vehicle safety testing, vehicle repair tools and equipment, organic farming, pig farming, Spanish charcuterie, probate inventories, banking history, philosophy of architecture, cuisine, menus, tourism, travelogues, employment statistics, history of textile industry, history of catholicism, libros de texto de primaria y secundaria, conocimiento del medio, reparación de vehículos, pruebas seguridad vehículos, equipos y herramientas de reparación, agricultura ecológica, ganadería porcina, embutidos, historia banca, econometría, patrimonio inventariado, gastronomía, turismo. See less.
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