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Source text - French La psychiatrie phénoménologique est donc une science clinique caractérisée par son abord et par sa référence à ce que l’on peut appeler globalement l’anthropologie compréhensive. Les auteurs se rattachant à cette psychiatrie phénoménologique sont nombreux. Notre article est consacré à la pensée d’Alfred Kraus. Nous aborderons d’abord les notions de psychiatrie compréhensive et de phénoménologie. Après avoir présenté Alfred Kraus, et les bases philosophiques et cliniques propres à son travail, nous traiterons de la théorie krausienne de l’identité fondée sur Mead et Sartre, qui établit une distinction entre ego sujet (élément libre et producteur de performances égoïques) et ego objet (identifications, notamment aux rôles sociaux chez les dépressifs). L’ego sujet est l’élément transcendant (Sartre) qui dépasse sans cesse ce que je suis (ego objet) : il y a donc une négativité interne. Puis nous aborderons la clinique de la maladie maniaco-dépressive. Le trouble de la personnalité précédant la mélancolie résulte d’une menace pesant sur cette identité fragile, arc-boutée sur ses identifications, ce qui se manifeste dans le comportement hypernomique : ce dernier est une relecture des notions de tempérament, de constitution, de personnalité prémorbide, de typus melancholicus propre au malade dépressif. Le comportement hypernomique est caractérisé par un accomplissent scrupuleux des attentes de rôle, par un respect extrême des lois et normes qui se traduisent par une hyperadaptation. Puis nous aborderons la notion de crise psychotique où il apparaît que la mélancolie n’est pas un trouble affectif, un trouble de l’humeur, mais une dépersonnalisation. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée à l’intolérance à l’ambiguïté. L’intolérance à l’ambiguïté peut être cognitive ou émotionnelle (incapacité à éprouver des sentiments négatifs).
Translation - English Phenomenological psychology is thus a clinical science characterised by its approach and its reference to what might overall be described as comprehensive anthropology. There are numerous authors who affiliate themselves with this phenomenological psychology. Our article is devoted to the thought of Alfred Kraus.
We will first of all address the notions of comprehensive psychology and phenomenology. After introducing Alfred Kraus and the specific philosophical and clinical foundations of his work, we will examine the Krausian theory of identity based on Mead and Sartre, which establishes a distinction between ego-identity (a free element that produces ego-satisfying achievements) and role-identity (identifications, in particular with social roles in the case of depressives). The ego-identity is the transcendent element (Sartre) which constantly exceeds what I am (role-identity): there is thus an internal negativity.
Then we will address the clinical treatment of manic-depressive illness. The personality disorder that precedes melancholia results from a threat that weighs on this fragile identity, propped up against its identifications, which is expressed in hypernomic behaviour: this being a reinterpretation of the notions of a specifically depressive temperament, constitution, premorbid personality or Typus Melancholicus. Hypernomic behaviour is characterised by the scrupulous observance of role expectations and an extreme respect for laws and norms which is expressed as a form of hyperadaptation.
Then we will address the notion of psychotic breakdown, where it appears that melancholia is not an affective disorder, a mood disorder, but a case of depersonalisation. Finally, the last part is devoted to the intolerance of ambiguity. The intolerance of ambiguity can be cognitive or emotional (the inability to experience negative feelings).
French to English: Sample 2 - Legal
Source text - French Le fondement du contrat de travail se trouve dans le droit commun des contrats, tel que prévu par le Code civil. Le contrat de travail est également soumis aux dispositions du Code du travail et de la convention collective applicable.
La rupture du contrat travail est souvent source de litiges, d’où les nombreuses transactions conclues entre l’employeur et le salarié.
Toutefois, contrairement aux juridictions anglo-saxonnes, en droit français il n’est pas possible de transiger sur un litige qui n’est pas encore né, ni de fixer à l’avance un montant de dommages et intérêts pour réparer un préjudice particulier, comme un licenciement abusif.
Il est donc parfois demandé à un avocat d’agir en qualité de séquestre pour certains actes, comme le protocole transactionnel, qui ne seront libérés qu’à une date ultérieure, une fois que l’événement qui déclenche le litige (licenciement, changement de contrôle…) a eu lieu.
Translation - English Employment contracts are based in general contract law, as provided for under the Civil Code (Code civil). They are also subject to the provisions of the Work Code (Code du travail) and the relevant collective agreement.
Breaches of employment contracts are often a source of litigation, hence the numerous settlements reached between employers and employees.
Unlike the Anglo-American system, however, in French law it is not possible to reach a settlement for litigation proceedings that have not yet been initiated, nor to decide compensation amounts in advance for special damages, such as unfair dismissal.
Lawyers are thus sometimes asked to act as an escrow agent for certain legal instruments, like settlement agreements, which are not to be released until a later late, once the event that initiates litigation (dismissal, change of management…) takes place.
French to English: Sample 3 - Philosophy
Source text - French Une conséquence qui découle, de manière necessaire, de telles premisses est que l’immortalité est toujours impersonnelle. Dans le langage d’un aristotélicien comme Ibn Rushd (Averroès), par exemple, elle ne saurait appartenir proprement qu’au seul intellect actif universel; lequel n’est, en effet, personne. Et une telle immortalité n’aurait pas d’autre signification alors que d’être la résorption finale de la fausse multiplicité des ombres dans la lumière de l’impersonnelle totalité. […] Monisme de l’Être qu’aucun “création” ne saurait sortir de Lui-même ou pluralisme ontologique: telle est l’alternative métaphysique. Ainsi, dit Iqbal, pensée moniste et pensée pluraliste se sont-elles dialectiquement répondu à travers l’histoire, sous des formes différentes chaque fois, selon les contextes. Et l’on peut trouver, ajoute-t-il, dans la manière dont le pluralisme des êtres, que Leibniz a appelés des monades, a fait pièce au panthéisme de Spinoza découlant de sa définition de la substance comme étant, de toute nécessité, unique, l’analogue de la démarche de Wâhid Mahmûd qui, au XIIIe siècle, s’était opposé aux doctrines monistes et avait enseigné “que la réalité n’est pas une, mais multiple, unités vivantes primordiales qui se combinent de façons diverses, et s’élèvent graduellement jusqu’à la perfection en passant par une echelle de formes ascendante.”
Translation - English One consequence that necessarily follows from such a set of premises is that immortality is always impersonal. In the terms of an Aristotelian like Ibn Rushd (Averroes), for example, immortality only properly belongs to the one universal active Mind—who is, in effect, no one. And such an immortality would then have no other significance than of being the final reabsorption of the false multiplicity of shadows into the light of the impersonal whole. […] The metaphysical alternative is thus between a monism of Being where no “creation” would be able to emerge from Himself, or ontological pluralism. Thus it is, says Iqbal, that monist and pluralist thought have responded to each other dialectically throughout history, each time assuming different forms according to the context. And, he adds, just as Leibniz’ pluralism of beings, which he called monads, represented an objection to the pantheism of Spinoza that followed from his definition of substance as being necessarily singular, so we can see an analogy with the path taken by Wahid Mahmud who, in the thirteenth century, stood against the monistic doctrines and taught that “reality is not one, but many—primary living units which combine in various ways, and gradually rise to perfection by passing through an ascending scale of forms.”
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Bachelor's degree - University of Sydney
Experience
Years of experience: 24. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2006.
I am a professionally accredited translator working from French into my native English, based in Sydney, Australia, with years of experience in a variety of subject areas, including:
- theoretical (scholarly articles)
- legal (contracts)
- commercial (trade non-fiction such as cookbooks)
- artistic (film texts)
I have tertiary qualifications (BA) in French and linguistics, and a doctorate in philosophy. I have also lived and studied in France for lengthy periods, with regular visits in between.
My research and technical skills are excellent: I am proficient in handling various kinds of files and have a good grasp of the general principles of editing and layout.
Sydney is around 8 hours ahead of many parts of Europe, and even further ahead of locations in the US. This can be an advantage for work that needs to be ready "overnight" or shortly after a weekend.
I'm happy to negotiate rates taking volume and technical difficulty into account and provide samples of work in particular areas.
Hope to hear from you soon!
Melissa
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