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English to Spanish: TPM General field: Tech/Engineering Detailed field: Philosophy
Source text - English Modern equipment management began with preventive maintenance and evolved into productive maintenance. These approaches –both abbreviated as “PM” –originated in the United States with activities focused in maintenance departments.
Translation - Spanish El manejo del equipamiento moderno empezó con mantenimiento preventivo y evolucionó a mantenimiento productivo. Estos enfoques, ambos referidos como “PM”, se originaron en Estados Unidos en las actividades enfocadas en los sectores de mantenimiento.
English to Spanish: Popular religion in China General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Religion
Source text - English The simplest domestic altar has just two permanent installations, an incense-burner and a pair of divination blocks. Most commonly an incense burner is a glazed earthenware or porcelain bowl filled with sand or chaff as a base and with incense ashes at the top. Incense is burned on sticks, held in the common gesture of formal greeting, hands folded over each other with the thumbs next to each other resting against the side of a forefinger. In worship, the incense sticks are inserted between thumbs and forefinger. Then the incense stick is stuck into the chaff and allowed to smoulder down, adding to the ashes in the pot.
The similarity of burning incense to formal greetings was given most commonly as its meaning: ‘burning incense is an invitation (to the god)’ or ‘a polite formality’, ‘a signal of respect’, ‘to open communication’, ‘like handing out an invitation card’ or ‘like offering a cigarette’, or tea. It is of the highest formality because it is addressed to someone who was outstandingly able and is now like an important person who must be treated attentively, it was explained. Burning incense was likened to the lowest form of deference: incense, one person said, is to separate men from a god like going behind a partition to speak (to the god). Burning incense, then, is an act of opening communication by formal deference, at least as a host to a guest, at most as subject to emperor.
Burning incense goes with greeting and commensality among the participants themselves. At first it seems paradoxical that among them the feast table celebrates collectivity and equality, especially if it is also an organisation around an incense-burner, such as a sworn brotherhood, a secret society, a group of classmates, or of compatriots, or a guild.1 As a person at a feast table at the festival of one of Taibei city’s territorial guardian gods said: ‘You may be an official tomorrow and I just a common person, but at table we are all equal.’ Since the burning of incense is a form of deference and gives prominence to a dyadic and hierarchical relationship, the paradox of equality is resolved: the feasters are only equal before a god.
Translation - Spanish El altar doméstico más simple sólo tiene dos instalaciones permanentes, un incensario y un par de bloques de adivinación. Habitualmente, un incensario es una alfarería vidriada o un cuenco de porcelana relleno de arena o con base de cascarilla y cenizas de incienso por encima. El incienso se quema sobre varas, sostenidas con el gesto común de un saludo formal, las manos plegadas una sobre la otra con los dedos pulgares uno al lado del otro y apoyados sobre un lado de los dedos índice. Durante el culto, las varas de incienso se colocan entre los dedos pulgares e índice. Luego la vara de incienso se clava en la cascarilla y se deja arder, lo que contribuye a las cenizas del frasco.
La similitud de la quema de incienso y los saludos formales se dio habitualmente por su significado: "la quema de incienso es una invitación (al dios)" o "una formalidad cortés", "una señal de respeto", "para la comunicación abierta", "como si fuera entregar una tarjeta de invitación" o "como si fuera ofrecer un cigarrillo", o té. Se explicó que es de la más alta formalidad porque se dirige a alguien que era talentoso de una manera excepcional y ahora es como una persona importante que debe ser tratada atentamente. La quema de incienso se comparó con la forma más baja de deferencia: el incienso, dijo una persona, es para separar a los hombres de un dios, como si fuera detrás de un muro para hablar (al dios). La quema de incienso es, entonces, un acto de abrir una comunicación a través de deferencia formal, al menos como de un anfitrión al huésped, a lo sumo como de individuo a emperador.
La quema de incienso va junto con el saludo y comensalía entre los mismos participantes. En un principio, parece paradójico que se celebre entre ellos un banquete por la colectividad e igualdad, en especial si también es una organización alrededor de un incensiario, tales como una hermandad jurada, una sociedad secreta, un grupo de compañeros de clase o de compatriotas, o un gremio. 1 Como dijo una persona en el banquete del festival de uno de los dioses guardianes de los territorios de la ciudad de Taipéi: "tal vez sea un funcionario mañana y yo una persona común, pero en la mesa somos todos iguales". Ya que la quema de incienso es una forma de deferencia y resalta una relación diádica y jerárquica, se resuelve la paradoja de igualdad: los comensales sólo son iguales ante un dios.
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