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Freelance translator and/or interpreter, Verified site user
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Translation, Editing/proofreading, Transcription
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Specializes in:
Internet, e-Commerce
Environment & Ecology
Energy / Power Generation
Education / Pedagogy
Certificates, Diplomas, Licenses, CVs
General / Conversation / Greetings / Letters
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Also works in:
Linguistics
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Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
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French to English - Standard rate: 0.06 GBP per word
French to English: Seventeenth-century Indivisibles Revisited (sample) General field: Science Detailed field: Mathematics & Statistics
Source text - French Ils produiront des théorèmes de plus en plus généraux à cette fin. Il leur faudra adopter une idée de l’égalité selon laquelle « si deux grandeurs diffèrent d’une grandeur plus petite que toute grandeur donnée, alors elles sont égales », ce que l’on retrouvera plus tard au début de l’Analyse du marquis de l’Hopital lorsqu’il demandera que « x dx =x » et, finalement, partout où l’on aura besoin de limite, sans en avoir le concept logique.
Une des voies les plus importantes explorées par certains de nos auteurs consiste en la recherche d’un support arithmétique qui doit garantir et enrichir leurs procédures. On verra comment s’y prennent notamment Roberval, Pascal ou Wallis. L’idée est puissante : les aires cherchées sont approchées par des séries de rectangles d’épaisseur « très petite ». En sommant ces séries et en mettant cette épaisseur (dx) en facteur, on se trouve devant une série numérique. Si on sait comment elle converge (en cas de convergence), alors, on peut obtenir la quadrature cherchée. Ceci suppose d’admettre des résultats « raisonnables » mais assez vagues comme « 1/n est négligeable quand n est infiniment grand ».
On verra aussi que les indivisibles homogènes pourrons ne pas être nécessairement de petits trapèzes, mais aussi des triangles (Roberval, Leibniz notamment). Leibniz dira d’ailleurs que c’est là le point principal où il surpasse Cavalieri. Enfin, il sera possible de considérer les « petites épaisseurs, ou largeurs) des indivisibles comme inégales. Ces diverses dispositions permettant des sommations plus performantes.
Les progrès dans l’obtention des résultats vont dépendre étroitement des progrès réalisés dans l’étude des séries et les arguments justificatifs de l’élimination des termes de moindre degré seront de plus en plus sophistiqués.
Translation - English To this end, they would go on to develop increasingly general theorems. It would become necessary for them to adopt a conception of equality whereby if the difference between two magnitudes is smaller than any given magnitude, then they are equal. Such a conception can be found again later at the beginning of the Marquis de l'Hôpital's Analysis (Analyse) – in which he claimed that "x dx = x" – and, eventually, in every situation in which limits were used before the logical concept of limits was fully understood.
One of the most significant approaches which some of the aforementioned authors explored involved looking for an arithmetical support for their methods, in order to strengthen and confirm them. Later chapters will illustrate how some mathematicians, in particular Roberval, Pascal, and Wallis, went about this. The idea is a powerful one: the areas to be found are sought using a series of rectangles whose width is "very small". By taking the sum of these series and factorizing the "very small" width (dx), a numeric series is obtained. Once it is known how the series converges (if indeed it does), then the quadrature in question can be found. For this, it is necessary to accept outcomes which are "reasonable" but nonetheless relatively vague, such as "1/n is negligibly small when n is infinitely great".
We will also see that homogeneous indivisibles did not necessarily have to be small trapezia, but could also be triangles (most notably in the work of Roberval and Leibniz). Leibniz would claim that it was primarily in this that he surpassed Cavalieri. Eventually, it became possible to consider the very small widths of indivisibles as
unequal, which enabled more efficient summations.
Progress in obtaining results depended heavily on progress made in the study of series, and the arguments via which the elimination of negligibly small magnitudes took place would become increasingly sophisticated.
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Translation education
Master's degree - University of Leeds
Experience
Years of experience: 13. Registered at ProZ.com: Aug 2012.
Looking for a professional, accurate, and eminently readable translation at a good rate? Then look no further.
I am a French-English translator specialising in: educational texts, diplomas, and certificates; environment, energy, and ecology; website translation; manufacturing; academic and thesis translation (especially in mathematics, humanities, linguistics, and history); and literature of all kinds.
I am a native UK English speaker with an in-depth knowledge of French, having lived and travelled there extensively.
I have a real love of language and a great eye for detail, and I write with fluency and clarity.
In addition, I can also provide excellent proofreading, editing, copywriting, audio transcription, and phonetic or phonemic transcription services.
Qualifications
I have an MA in Applied Translation Studies (French-English) from the University of Leeds and a BA in French (literature, linguistics, and language) from the University of Oxford (with first-class honours).
My studies brought me into contact with a wide range of text types, including technical, scientific, literary, academic, and administrative.
Work Experience
My recent translation work has included: a 15,000-word text on the history of mathematics; fire safety certification; medical thesis abstracts; company websites; and over 5,000 words of literature and theatre documentation. I have also edited the closing speech of a Chinese renewable energy company conference and promotional texts for a company selling LED lights.
I very much look forward to hearing from you.
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