( new term to me, maybe this can explain) "The Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) spinel material, ranking at the second large market share after graphite, is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its good cycle stability, rate capability, and safety with both conventional and low-temperature electrolytes. However, several critical challenges, such as the low capacity and gassing issue, hindered the wide applications of LTO anode. Recent progress indicated that the LTO performances are possible to be further improved by novel strategies, such as heterogeneous phase control, surface engineering, or overlithiation. To rethink and develop advanced LTO anodes, this review intensively associates the performances and modification strategies with the electronics/crystal structures. From a thermodynamic/kinetic point of view, we summarized the data obtained from recently developed characterization techniques, and the results of electrochemical performances and fundamental structures of LTO to potentially address several key challenges and issues toward advanced LTO anodes. As a result, light is shed on the future research direction of the LTO anodes.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/inf2.12228

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Note added at 1 hr (2024-07-28 17:59:38 GMT)
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tmb...Besides TiO2, other metals (such as Cu, Au, and Ag),118 oxides (LiAlO2, Fe2O3, CuO, and Li2SiO3),119 and lithium titanium oxides (Li0.4TiO2, Li2TiO3, and Li2Ti3O3), and so on have been applied to improve the rate and capacity performance of LTO anodes. Metals can enhance the rate capability of LTO by increasing its electronic conductivity. Krajewski et al.118 demonstrated this increase and decrease of charge-transfer resistance of Ag-modified LTO.